Green vehicle routing problem: A state-of-the-art review

As energy overuse and generated pollution have a potential threat to our environmental ecological conditions, many researchers taken the initiative way join green campaign prevent more damage environment. This paper investigates main contributions related vehicle routing problem (Green-VRP) presents classification scheme based on its variants considered in scientific literature, particular, three major applicable streams including internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), alternative-fuel powered (AFVs), hybrid electric (HEVs), also several sub-categories for each of them. systematic literature review intends provide comprehensive structured survey state knowledge discuss most important characteristics problems, techniques formulation, solution methodologies, areas application. different analytical summary tables variant emphasize some features that direction development researches. Finally, spot future avenues, gaps are distinguished illustrate how new from traditional problems.